TGFB1 and neoplasm: Tumor-associated macrophages have a very important role in the modulation of the tumor microenvironment by promoting growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells by secreting cytokines and mediators such as IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, TGFβ, VEGF, and MMPs, and activating intracellular signaling pathways including ERK, MAPK, and p38 [130,131].