Additionally, the immunoglobulin IgE is shown to contribute to atherosclerosis and obesity by affecting macrophages polarization and foam cell formation [26] was also elevated systemically in Apoe−/−Peli1−/− mice versus Apoe−/− mice in advanced atherosclerosis (Figure 6j). This evidence concerns the gene APOE and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.