PELI1 and atherosclerosis: Peli1 has been found to be involved in the regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling in innate immune cells [6,7,8], while the present study showed that Peli1 deficiency in atherosclerosis promotes a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines which have been shown to not only direct leukocytes to the sites of inflammation during atherogenesis, but they also play a role in cell homeostasis and atherosclerosis plaque stability.