MMP9 and renal cell carcinoma: Yang et al. [85] studied the effects of betulinic acid on RCC and found it to inhibit RCC proliferation and induce apoptosis via upregulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein, cleaved caspase-3, ROS, MMP-2, MMP-9, and vimentin and downregulation of Bcl-2, MMP-2, and E-cadherin in renal cancer cells.