Genes that were significantly elevated in both vRNAhi and vRNAlo subsets but not in vRNA- cells at baseline relative to mock-infected cells include LAG3/CD223, an inhibitory receptor of lymphocyte activation known to be induced in response to HIV infection and to contribute to HIV persistence [59–61], several granzyme-encoding genes (GZMA, GZMB, GZMH), LGALS3 (encoding Galectin-3) which is known to be induced by HIV [62], and RNF213, an E3 ubiquitin ligase [63]. Here, RNF213 is linked to HIV infectious disease.