IL1B and infection: Then, E. falciformis sporozoites possibly secrete EVs to prevent early infiltration of cytotoxic CD4 + T cells to the site of infection [84] as MIEC IL-1β and IL-17 expressions were low in time-dependent responses to EfSEVs (Figs. 4, 5) and it is comparable  to the expressions of the IL-17 subset and neutrophils in T. cruzi-infected mice [85].