VEGFA and cancer: In the former, genetic abnormalities in cancer cells induce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22), as well as immunosuppressive cells [regulatory T cells (Treg) and bone marrow-derived immunosuppressive cells], which suppress the function of dendritic cells and antitumor T cells3.