TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition, they showed the presence of abundant autocrine TGF-β, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and hepatocyte growth factor signaling, as well as paracrine TGF-β and TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) signaling43 from tumor-derived astrocytes, in this cell population (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Data 3).