VDAC1 and Alzheimer disease: Given the association of GSK3 with phosphorylation in AD, VDAC1 is phosphorylated on the putative GSK3β epitope in AD, leading to the inability of hexokinases to interact with VDAC1, resulting in the dissociation of VDAC1 from hexokinases (Pastorino et al., 2005).