HIF-1α plays a crucial role in key stages of metastatic dissemination, including angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, cancer stem cell maintenance, tumour cell dormancy, extracellular vesicle release, and pre-metastatic niche generation (Semenza et al., 1991; Lee et al., 2004; McGettrick and O’Neill, 2020). This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and cancer.