Our large plasma biomarker panel revealed that biomarkers of inflammation/chemotaxis (CCL23, CX3CL1, CSF-1, CXCL9, IL-8 and TNFRSF12A), extracellular matrix remodelling (MMP-3 and TIMP-4), endothelial injury (NOS3 and VEGF-A), insulin-like growth factor signalling regulation (IGFBP2), and lipid metabolism (PHOSPHO1), in addition to neurodegeneration (NF-L), were associated with conversion of MCI to dementia within the probable Alzheimer's disease spectrum. The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is Alzheimer disease.