On one hand, reduced NPY activity in cortical circuits has been associated with a plethora psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, and PTSD in both preclinical and clinical studies (Zhou et al., 2008; Mickey et al., 2011; Cohen et al., 2012; Melas et al., 2012, 2013; Sah and Geracioti, 2013). This evidence concerns the gene NPY and depressive disorder.