NLRP3 activates caspase-1 and promotes the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 while also triggering GSDMD-driven pyroptosis, which both exacerbate the progression of NAFLD (Zhang et al., 2015; An et al., 2019; Kelley et al., 2019). Here, IL18 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.