SMAD2 and pemphigus foliaceus: As the activation of the TGF-β/SMAD pathway is the main cause of PF (Balzer, 2020), we investigated the total SMAD2/3 content and its phosphorylation level in the HPMCs after TGF-β1 treatment to elucidate the mechanism underlying the ELA-32 mediated inhibition of EMT.