INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Studies have also shown that hepatic ATP synthesis and content were reduced in high fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetic mice, insulin resistant-patients, and type 2 diabetic patients (Miyamoto et al., 2008; Serviddio et al., 2008; Berglund et al., 2009; Sharma et al., 2009; Szendroedi et al., 2009; Schmid et al., 2011).