Third, previous studies have shown that disorders of glucolipid metabolism can induce the release of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (54), cause blood hypercoagulability, damage vascular endothelial cells, and participate in and promote the development of atherosclerosis (55, 56), which are key components of the pathogenesis of CVD (57). Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.