A significant change in the relative expression of the Smad3 gene is known to correlate with activation of the Smad2/3 complex and stimulates the intranuclear Smad2/3/4 protein systems and TF, leading to the activation of target gene transcription, including those responsible for bronchial remodeling in asthma, particularly those of MMPs, PAI‐1, CTGF, MCP‐1, IL‐6, TGF‐β, TSP‐1, TGFR‐1/2, fibronectin, proteoglycans, as well as type I and III collagen.5, 33, 34, 35. Here, TGFBR1 is linked to asthma.