MAPK3 and liver dysplastic nodule: Liraglutide is shown to inhibit inflammatory response and delay DN progression in diabetic rat models by reducing the expression of ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation and downregulating the nuclear NF-кB expression.18 In the diabetic setting, increased mitochondrial ROS (mROS) can bring structural and functional damage to the kidneys, resulting in the development and progression of DN.