CCL2 and liver dysplastic nodule: It has been found that the cAMP-PKA pathway can be stimulated by GLP-1RAs, which reduces ROS production by the kidneys in DN patients, suggesting the renal protective role of GLP-1RAs in preventing oxidative damage.19 The results of this study showed that compared with the pre-treatment levels, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MDA in both groups were reduced after 12 weeks of treatment, whereas the GSH-Px levels were elevated, with the treatment group displaying greater variations than the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.05, respectively).