The specificity of the ELONA was evaluated in AUM using prostate specific antigen (PSA), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), IgG, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Fig. 5); PSA and CA125 are known as genitourinary-related tumor markers and can coexist in clinical samples26,27, which may interfere with accurate detection of EN2. Here, ALB is linked to neoplasm.