TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Genetic factors, including polygenic and monogenic factors (such as HLA, IRF5, ITGAM, STAT4, and CTLA4) [2] and genetic interactions with environmental factors, particularly UV light exposure, the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection [3], hormonal factors, smoking [4], or medications [5] (such as procainamide, hydralazine, quinidine, isoniazid, TNF-α inhibitors [6], and anticonvulsants [7, 8]) are associated with the pathogenesis of SLE.