IFIH1 and viral infectious disease: TIRM38 exerts a protein SUMO E3 ligase activity in governing SUMOylation of RIG-I-K96/K888 and MDA5-K43/K865 in uninfected and early infected cells, respectively, to stabilize both RIG-I and MDA5 by antagonizing K48-linked ubiquitination, leading to an acute and enhanced response to viral infection (143).