However, in previous studies, MV patients who were intensively treated with insulin appeared to have a better prognosis, with possible mechanisms including the elimination of glucose-induced osmotic diuresis, enhancement of erythropoiesis, prevention of acute renal failure, maintenance of macrophage and neutrophil function, reduction of cholestasis, promotion of direct anabolic effects of respiratory muscles, and protection of patients the central and peripheral nervous systems. Here, INS is linked to cholestasis.