GCLC and hepatocellular carcinoma: This would induce the expression of a series of cytoprotective genes, such as NQO1, GST, HMOX1, and GCLC. We further confirmed in HCC cell lines that the expression of TXNIP, GCLC, GCLM, and ME1 was downregulated in the OE-MMAA group compared with the control.