Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a surface adhesion molecule highly expressed on TNBC cells; affinity-variant CD28/4-1BB co-stimulated ICAM-1-CARs have recently demonstrated that lower affinity has superior anti-tumor efficacy, with acceptable safety, compared to their higher-affinity counterpart (106, 107). Here, CD28 is linked to neoplasm.