Moreover, in EVs-treated miR-32−/− T2D mice, the expression of miR-32 and the ossification genes (Runx2 and Alp) were all significantly increased, and the marker genes of SMCs (ɑ-SMA and Sm-22ɑ) and the cGMP-PKG signalling pathway (Atp2a3 and Kcnma1) were all significantly decreased (Fig. 6E). Here, SMN1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.