INS and Hyperglycemia: CircHIPK3 is one of the most abundant circRNAs in β-cells and regulates hyperglycemia and IR by sequestering miR-124-3p and miR-338-3p, thereby increasing mRNA expression of key β-cell genes (e.g., Slc2a2, Akt1, and Mtpn), insulin secretion, and β-cell proliferation.272 A similar effect of circHIPK3 on hyperglycemia and IR has been observed by sponging miR-192-5p and increasing FOXO1 expression273.