CCL3 and ischemia: For instance, CCL3 has been reported to be upregulated in experimental ischemic stroke models.265 Consistently, external administration of CCL3 to brain ventricles exacerbated ischemia-induced injuries.266 Meanwhile, another chemokine CCL5 has been found to regulate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries in experimental ischemic stroke models.267 Clinical studies have also shown that plasma CCL5 levels were increased in symptomatic patients in comparison with asymptomatic ones.268 Besides the CC chemokine family, the CXC chemokines, also plays crucial roles in ischemic stroke pathogenesis.