The neuroprotective PI3K/Akt pathway induces the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which in turn stimulates the production of various antioxidants.115,116 Likewise, ERK/MAPK signaling pathway during ischemia is associated with a variety of neuroprotective biological processes, such as preventing apoptosis or enhancing Nrf2 phosphorylation and translocation.117,118 Also, NRF2 and NF-κB signaling pathways closely interact with each other under a variety of circumstances. Here, AKT1 is linked to ischemia.