TNF and ischemic stroke: They secrete both pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) and IL-10.15,226–228 Together, these cytokines form a complex signaling network in ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation.