By flow cytometry, we demonstrated that this population was mainly comprised of FOXP3+, regulatory T cells (online supplemental figure 4), in line with our previous observations in colorectal cancer.31 In contrast, PDAC tissues showed a remarkable decreased frequency of CD8+ T cells with an effector memory phenotype as compared with non-malignant tissue (p<0.01 by Mann-Whitney test; figure 1B). This evidence concerns the gene FOXP3 and colorectal cancer.