IFNK and infection: Nevertheless, at 44 hpi, HCE cells were able to induce significantly increased expression of IFN-β, IFN-κ and MxB to counteract the infection (Fig 3A), which might have in part hindered the increase in viral gene expression from 20 to 44 hpi (S1 Fig) as IFN-β, IFN-κ and MxB are antiviral [24,25].