Furthermore, few studies have highlighted that microbial metabolites, mainly SCFA and bile acids, shape type I IFN response of different immune cell types to regulate virus infection,46,47 additional studies are thus needed to evaluate whether other CNS cells, such as regulatory CD4+ and CD8 + T cells48 also may be required to mediate the anti-inflammatory response of NAMO on HSE. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and viral infectious disease.