We also observed similar confounding effects at the TF activity level, when assessed using the n = 118 defined regulons within the Dorothea algorithm.(28) These analyses revealed the extent to which numerous seemingly epithelial-specific cancer-associated TFs are influenced by stromal content, across both LCM cohorts (Fig. 2C); with n = 48 TFs significantly activated in stromal components, compared with only n = 8 TFs being significantly activated in the epithelium. This evidence concerns the gene TF and cancer.