GLS and hepatocellular carcinoma: As shown in Fig. 1A, half of the ten Cuproptosis-related genes, including DLAT, PDHA1, PDHB, GLS, and CDKN2A, differed significantly between normal and HCC tissues, and the high expression of these five genes was also closely associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients (Fig. 1B–F).