IL1B and asthma: Notably, the whole PBMCs or circulating immune cell subsets from the four healthy and asthmatic smoker/never-smoker groups did not differ in terms of IL-1β-producing cell frequencies (Supplementary Fig. 8a–c): this analysis supports the notion that the IL-1β potentially driving the smoking-induced generation of ILC3s in asthma is produced locally rather than systemically.