To achieve this objective, we comprehensively assessed the levels of soluble PD-L1, PD-L2 (ligands of PD-1) and HVEM (ligand of CD160) in plasma of untreated viremic HIV-infected individuals, during primary HIV infection (PHI), or during the chronic phase, or in plasma of treated aviremic chronically HIV-infected individuals. Here, PDCD1LG2 is linked to HIV infectious disease.