Similarly, decreased liver weights, hepatic steatosis (demonstrated by H&E staining and scoring), increased hepatic serine level, decreased hepatic TG and cholesterol levels, downregulated genes involved in TG synthesis/storage, as well as unchanged insulin signaling pathway, were found in the liver of serine-treated HFD-fed mice (Fig. 10i–m, Supplementary Fig. 19e, f and Supplementary Table 6). This evidence concerns the gene INS and fatty liver disease.