Nevertheless, considering the strong infiltration of myeloid cells and enrichment of non-immune stroma induced by primary chemotherapies and targeted agents, and the capacity of anti-CD40 to modulate these components to stimulate anti-tumor effects42–44,68–70 (Fig. 6a), perhaps anti-CD40 agonists might be the optimal immunotherapy in breast cancer treatment. This evidence concerns the gene CD40 and breast cancer.