PSEN1 and Alzheimer disease: For example, reduced expression of OSCP (F1F0-ATP synthase subunit) has been found in 5× FAD mice (a mouse model that expresses human APP and PSEN1 transgenes with five AD-linked mutations: K670N/M671L, I716V and V717I mutations in APP, and L286V and M146L mutations in PSEN1), which negatively affects mitochondrial and synaptic functions [105].