The anticipated findings from this study will support the development of interventions to address microalbuminuria in PWH to reduce kidney and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, including more intensive monitoring and treatment of traditional risk factors, provision of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, consideration of changes in ART regimen, and screening and treatment for relevant co-infections. Here, SLC5A2 is linked to coinfection.