TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: Chowdhury et al used a random forest algorithm demonstrating preoperative SNOT-22 and several cytokines, including IL-5 and TNF-a, to be important predictors of postoperative SNOT-22 scores.73 As our understanding of CRS has evolved, its multifactorial nature has become evident.52 Therefore, ML has a role to play in this realm given its ability to parse complex interrelationships among clinical variables.74