IQGAP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Although IQGAP1- and IQGAP3-activated TGF-β pathways have been shown to promote HCC onset and progression, in another study IQGAP1-induced activation of the TGF-β pathway plays the opposite role in hepatic metastatic carcinoma whereby myofibroblastic differentiation is inhibited (111).