Aberrant activation of multiple signaling pathways in HCC, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK (also known as the MAPK/ERK) pathways, leads to uncontrolled cell division, differentiation, proliferation, motility, and apoptosis (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.