FGFR3 and cancer: Aberrant expression of FGFR3 is also commonly observed in various cancers and can directly or indirectly activate various downstream signalling pathways, such as the FGFR3 signalling pathway (33), PI3K-AKT signalling pathway (34), and RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK pathway (35), which are key mediators of malignant tumorigenesis and progression.