REN and neurodegenerative disease: Furthermore, cardiac ischemia, degenerative disease due to aging, infiltrative diseases, proinflammatory cytokines, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and oxidative stress may all disrupt the Bachmann’s bundle and interatrial desynchronization, thus promoting atrial cardiopathy and recurrence of AF (Kaireviciute et al., 2011; Martínez-Sellés, 2017; Escobar-Robledo et al., 2018).