SP1 and cancer: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is closely related to cancer progression such as cancer stem cell-like activity, apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion, and metastasis, which involves enormous signal pathways for which there are varieties of transcription factor-binding sites in its promoter region, including IL-1, IL-6, SP1, AP-2, NF-κB, c-Jun, and CREB (Hashemi Goradel et al., 2019).