N1 neutrophils could directly play an anti-tumor role by modulating the expression levels of cytotoxic effectors, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Balkwill, 2009), granzyme B (GZMB) (Martin et al., 2018), and elastase (ELANE) (Cui et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene ELANE and neoplasm.