NLRP3 and infection: Further stimulation by infections and/or tissue damage (e.g., ATP, MSU, and silica) (signal 2) leads to a series of responses, such as K+ efflux (Mariathasan et al., 2006; Martinon et al., 2006; Dostert et al., 2008), that trigger the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasomes following NLRP3 inflammasome activation (Liu et al., 2014) (Figure 6).