Previous studies in the Western population have identified a higher level of inflammatory (e.g., C-reactive protein) (54), vascular endothelial dysfunction (e.g., intimal medial thickness) (55), and a 2-7 times higher risk of coronary artery calcification or CVD after 12-15 years’ follow-up (56–58), among women with a history of GDM. Here, CRP is linked to gestational diabetes.