INS and metabolic disease: Furthermore, compared with NC mice, HFD mice showed higher fasting glucose levels (10.32 ± 0.66 mmol/L vs. 6.73 ± 0.37 mmol/L, P<0.05) and impairments of both glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance; these alterations were mitigated by EMPA treatment (P<0.05) (Figures 1H–J), suggesting that EMPA could alleviate HFD-induced metabolic disorders.