NFE2L2 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Other Nrf2 activators are fumaric acid esters, carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG132), allopurinol, and Zn (95, 122)., which upregulate Nrf2 and exert antioxidant effects that protect cardiomyocytes from OS-induced damage in DCM animal models.