ISG15 and infection: In agreement with our previously published data (8), key pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα) and type I IFN mRNAs (IFNβ and α4) were not induced in ZIKV-infected testis explants at any time points (one representative donor presented here for 4, 24 and 72h post-infection), while a panel of antiviral effectors (RSAD2, IFIT1, ISG15, OAS1, MX1, IRF7) were increased from 72h post-infection, along with the pro-inflammatory chemokine CXCL-10 (Figure 1A).