Several factors, such as IL-1β, IL-13, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) that are secreted by TME tumor cells, inhibit cDC maturation and survival and promote their differentiation into immunosuppressive cells, e.g., tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (294). Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.