TNF and dermatomyositis: Research studies have mentioned that predictive cytokines and chemokines including IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, TNFα, IFN-α, IP-10, and CX3CL1 had high levels in MDA5+ DM-ILD (32–35), especially CX3CL1, which was identified as involved in the pathogenesis of MDA5+ DM-ILD with a strong correlation of r = 0.89 between anti-MDA5 titer and CX3CL1.